{"id":975,"date":"2020-09-22T10:24:37","date_gmt":"2020-09-22T15:24:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.indianz.com\/News\/?p=975"},"modified":"2020-09-22T10:32:58","modified_gmt":"2020-09-22T15:32:58","slug":"jazmin-murphy-native-people-still-fighting-for-seat-at-the-table","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/22\/jazmin-murphy-native-people-still-fighting-for-seat-at-the-table\/","title":{"rendered":"Jazmin Murphy: Native people still fighting for seat at the table"},"content":{"rendered":"<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" data-attachment-id=\"981\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/22\/jazmin-murphy-native-people-still-fighting-for-seat-at-the-table\/nativenationsrise\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/nativenationsrise-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1920\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"nativenationsrise\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/nativenationsrise-1024x768.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/nativenationsrise-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"nativenationsrise\" class=\"alignnone img-fluid wp-image-981\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=figure-caption>Young citizens of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe lead the Native Nations Rise march and rally in Washington, D.C., on March 10, 2017. Photo by Indianz.Com <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">(CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)<\/a>\r\n<\/figcaption>\r\n<div class=\"h1-responsive\">Decolonizing Environmentalism<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"h5-responsive sub\">We are witnessing a historical push toward the dismantling of imperialism, the decentralization of power, and the welcoming of non-White, non-European values into conservation.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"byline\">By Jazmin Murphy<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"source\">YES! Magazine<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"source-webiste\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yesmagazine.org\/\">yesmagazine.org<\/a><\/div>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\u201cWhenever you talk about race relations here in so-called \u2018America,\u2019 Indigenous communities [are] always the last ones on the rung,\u201d says Wanbli Wiyan Ka\u2019win (Eagle Feather Woman), also known as Joye Braun, a front-line community organizer with the Indigenous Environmental Network who fought against the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines. \r\n<p><\/p>\r\nIn defending the land so deeply beloved and cherished by her people, the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, Braun recounts how actively her community is excluded from environmental work and how she and her colleagues are blatantly silenced, even when working alongside allies. \u201cWe\u2019ve had to really fight \u2026 to even have a seat at the table,\u201d she says.<p><\/p>\r\n\r\nThe exclusion of Indigenous people and other non-White communities in environmental and conservation work is, unfortunately, nothing new. For centuries, conservation has been driven by Eurocentric, Judeo-Christian belief structures that emphasize a distinct separation of \u201cMan\u201d and \u201cNature\u201d\u2014an ideology that does not mesh well with many belief structures, including those belonging to Indigenous communities.<p><\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u201cChristianity has been largely built up around the idea of colonization,\u201d Braun says. Not only do these belief structures hold disproportionate power in environmental legislation, but they hold historical pains for those outside of Western religions. \u201cChristianity was forced down our throats,\u201d Braun says. \u201cOur reservations were divided up: \u2018OK this community \u2026 you can be Catholic. This community \u2026 you\u2019re Lutheran. This community \u2026 you\u2019re whatever.\u2019\u201d<p><\/p>\r\n\r\nBefore the onset of such religion through colonialist conquests, the overwhelming consensus throughout the world was that human beings were just a small part of this natural world. Neither detached, nor superior. Of course, this \u201cconsensus\u201d was not necessarily expressed in such a way that all groups adhered to the same belief structures. Yet, the underlying environmental ideology remains: Human beings are, to some extent, connected to all other living things on Earth, even the Earth itself. As European imperialism\u2014and along with it, cultural genocide\u2014began to take hold worldwide, so began the spread of the \u201cMan versus Nature\u201d dogma.<p><\/p>\r\n\r\nToday Braun\u2019s life is just one example of the ideological exclusion of non-European thought as it relates to wildlife and the natural world. Nonsubscribers are barred from participation in the protection of the world and nonhuman lives they hold so dear, which inhibits their environmental stewardship. But around the world, and especially in the United States, we are witnessing a historical push toward the dismantling of imperialism, the decentralization of power, and the welcoming of non-White, non-European values into conservation.<p><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">BREAKING:<br><br>INDIGENOUS WOMEN PROTECTING THEIR COMMUNITY FROM <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/KXL?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#KXL<\/a> MAN CAMPS ARE BEING ARRESTED RIGHT NOW<br><br>DONATE TO <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/CRGrassroots?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@CRGrassroots<\/a> FOR BAIL. <br><br>FOLLOW HERE <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/hCXl4tp24X\">https:\/\/t.co\/hCXl4tp24X<\/a><\/p>&mdash; Indigenous Environmental Network (@IENearth) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/IENearth\/status\/1307040445508259842?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 18, 2020<\/a><\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"h5-responsive sub\">How Modern Conservation Upholds the Superiority of Humans<\/div>\r\n\r\nChristianity has deep, painful historical associations with the obsession of dominance. The same Bible that was used to enforce humans\u2019 domination over nature was also used to force Indigenous peoples to abandon their cultural truths for those more palatable to Europeans. This laid the foundation that continues to separate human life from nature to this day.<p><\/p>\r\n\r\nAs the Bible states in Genesis, \u201cLet [Man] have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over all the wild animals of the earth.\u201d We see echoes of this passage in the frameworks of many conservation objectives today, with concepts such as \u201ccreating\u201d sustainable forests, \u201cmanaging\u201d wildlife populations, and \u201cpreserving\u201d wilderness as a realm separate from that of humans. This reduces our perception of human connectivity to nonhuman life and to distance constituents from the objective recognition of Earth\u2019s intrinsic value.<p><\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\nTake one of the U.S.\u2019s leading environmental organizations, for example. The \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/aboutus\/index.htm\">National Park Service<\/a>\r\n\u2014a federal organization with \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1063447583\">well-known racist origins<\/a>\r\n\u2014has a mission statement that almost exclusively highlights the instrumental value of North America&#8217;s natural lands: \u201cThe National Park Services preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations \u2026 to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resources conservation \u2026 throughout this country and the world.\u201d\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\r\nTheir mission is painfully anthropocentric, never mind that the very lands it aims to extend were stolen from Indigenous tribes who are now denied access. Missions such as these create a near-impenetrable ideological barrier through which environmentalists of non-Christian cultures cannot pass.<p><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"mt-1 mb-1\"><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\"\r\n     data-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8411603009680747\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"6394965691\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n  <\/script><\/div><p><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"h5-responsive sub\">Keeping POC Out of Conservation<\/div>\r\n\r\nThese organizational goals exclude other faith (or non-faith) groups and have nurtured a hostile environment that disproportionately affects people of color. Historical experiences function to reinforce these impacts, further preventing people of color from exercising agency in conservation initiatives. For one, White constituents do not live with the same generational trauma that people of color do.<p><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\nExperiences rooted in genocide and slavery, for example, still inform people\u2019s experience of the outdoors. Black people were forbidden to enter certain spaces owned by the National Park Service and other natural lands because of Jim Crow laws and deeply rooted racism, \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/conl.12431\">as pointed out by researchers Rachelle K<\/a>. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/conl.12431\">Gould and others<\/a>. Many were lynched in these landscapes as well. Thus, for Black people, experiencing the outdoors was to put one\u2019s life on the line.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\nSimultaneously, \u201cthose in power [imposed] a particular concept of environment,\u201d Gould says, which denied Black people\u2019s experiences in natural habitats. Ideological disparities have likewise discouraged Indigenous agency in land management despite how profoundly they value land and wildlife. In the words of \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-017-0149-5_17\">Paula Gunn Allen of the Laguna Pueblo<\/a>, \u201cThe land is not really the place (separate from ourselves) where we act out the drama of our isolate destinies\u2026 It is not a matter of being \u2018close to nature\u2019\u2026 The Earth is, in a very real sense, the same as our self (or selves).\u201d\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\nInequality lies even in the evasiveness of definitions. \u201cGoogle the word, \u2018environment\u2019 and see how far you need to scroll to see pictures of people in urban areas,\u201d Pomona College psychologist Adam Pearson says. \u201cWhat counts as being an \u2018environmentalist?\u2019 And what counts as \u2018environmentalism?\u2019\u201d The vast majority of Americans believe that people of color do not feel strongly about environmental causes. Black, Latino, Asian, and White respondents \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/115\/49\/12429.short\">in a 2018 survey<\/a>\r\noverwhelmingly associated environmentalism with whiteness and underestimated environmental valuation in their own communities. Some 65% of Latin and 68% of Asian respondents self-identified as \u201cenvironmentalists,\u201d compared to 50% of White respondents.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">March and rally then a banner drop and locked arms protectors took to the streets on CRSzt to demand impeachment of the 7 council reps who met with TCEnergy and demand <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/NoKXL?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#NoKXL<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/n6Cmt7VupM\">pic.twitter.com\/n6Cmt7VupM<\/a><\/p>&mdash; Joye Braun (@joyem_braun) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/joyem_braun\/status\/1307103170494181379?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 18, 2020<\/a><\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"h5-responsive sub\">What Equal Opportunity Actually Looks Like<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nThe public has long held onto the idea that the socioeconomic inequalities play a large role in a person of color\u2019s individual capacity to care for the environment when in fact, conservation organizations often create unequal socioeconomic barriers. People of color who try to enter professional roles in American conservation often encounter pay rates \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2017\/aug\/17\/all-work-no-pay-the-plight-of-young-conservationists\">below the poverty line<\/a>\r\n(and have done so for decades). That requires applicants to have enough accumulated wealth to be able to afford forgoing reasonable pay to \u201cgain experience\u201d\u2014a luxury out of reach for many non-Whites because of \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/up-front\/2020\/02\/27\/examining-the-black-white-wealth-gap\/\">massive racial wealth disparities that result from long-standing discrimination<\/a>. Even those who fall in line with the Christian dogma are granted unequal access and compensation. Forty-nine percent of Black Christians, compared to 28% of White Christians, earn less than $30,000 annually, according to the \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/religious-landscape-study\/christians\/christian\/racial-and-ethnic-composition\/\">Pew Research Center<\/a>.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\nIdeological disparities have also had clear effects on Indigenous agency in land management. For example, the United States Department of Agriculture\u2019s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services works to combat \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/wildlife_damage\/directives\/pdf\/1.201.pdf\">wildlife damage<\/a>,\u201d the idea that wildlife poses a threat not only to human health, safety, and property, but to natural resources as well. This concept is a stark contrast to many cultures\u2019 environmental values.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nHow would one expect an Indigenous person, a Buddhist, or a Muslim to feel welcome in such a space? The answer lies not only in dismantling millennia of imperialism, but also in the conscious invitation of non-White, non-European cultures into conservation.<p><\/p>\r\n\r\nAccording to Pearson, this requires combating stereotypes of environmentalists and creating enthusiasm for working in traditionally noninclusive spaces. Fulfilling these responsibilities requires taking an honest look at how ideological contrasts actively exclude people of color and perpetuate a negative feedback loop that overrepresents White people in environmental and conservation spaces.<p><\/p>\r\n\r\n\u201cInviting people to advise doesn\u2019t mean that they\u2019re gonna listen,\u201d Braun notes when discussing possible methods of increasing diversity in conservation. \u201cI\u2019ve seen that a lot. That\u2019s just them patting themselves on the back.\u201d She says real progress relies on human connection. \u201cWhen you are facing one another, then you\u2019re forced to deal with things like the prejudices you carry on your back. You\u2019re forced to face the potential of racism. You\u2019re forced to face the economic divides.\u201d<p><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">For Indigenous peoples, who have lived within their traditional territories for generations, music is a repository of ecological knowledge, with songs embedding ancestors\u2019 knowledge, teachings and wisdom. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/1jqUFwCg4k\">https:\/\/t.co\/1jqUFwCg4k<\/a><\/p>&mdash; indianz.com (@indianz) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/indianz\/status\/1216900107423166465?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">January 14, 2020<\/a><\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><p><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"h5-responsive sub\">Abandoning Exclusivity for Diverse Community-Based Management<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nAs climate change becomes a mainstream concern, Indigenous knowledge can reveal truths not visible with White, Eurocentric approaches to conservation. Traditional ecological knowledge is \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13280-019-01218-6\">central to monitoring and combating climatic change<\/a>, according to a 2019 study in British Columbia and Alaska. \u201cThe region is a bellwether for biodiversity changes in coastal, forest, and montane environments,\u201d the authors write, and \u201can extremely dynamic and resilient social-ecological system where Indigenous Peoples have been adjusting to changing climate and biodiversity for millennia.\u201d\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\r\nNearly 100 Indigenous elders from communities along the Pacific Coast shared with researchers the changes they had observed in coho and sockeye salmon migration patterns and the effects of warming aquatic temperatures with great detail. They had similar observations of the Sitka black-tailed deer, highlighting that their migration patterns had been influenced by fluctuating factors such as rising temperatures and reduced snowfall. Ultimately, the researchers asserted that present environmental governance is far too rigid in its exclusivity of Indigenous knowledge and that \u201ctoken community visits\u201d must evolve to invite Native environmental observers and managers to share their knowledge to create tangible progress.<p><\/p>\r\n\r\nWhile these ideas remain nascent in much of American conservation, other countries provide examples of success. For decades, forests in Benin were exclusively owned and managed by state officials. They were supported (and thus, politically influenced) by major stakeholders including the Fondation Aide \u00e1 l\u2019Autonomie Tob\u00e9, a Swiss non-governmental organization. Though the foundation surely had the best interests of the Benin constituents in mind, their collaboration didn&#8217;t represent the public\u2019s values. Those living within the Tob\u00e9-Kpobidon forest, for example, did not feel welcome in forest management, which led to unsustainable resource use and degradation of the land.&nbsp;<p><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\nTo establish newfound hope for sustainable forest management and community involvement, a team of researchers, led by Rodrigue Castro Gbedomon \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1389934116300016\">implemented a \u201ccommunity forestry approach\u201d in 2016<\/a>. This methodology aims to \u201calleviate poverty among forest users, empower them, and improve the condition of the forests.\u201d The idea was that the invitation for community involvement (and thus, agency in management decision-making processes) would nurture a sense of ownership in constituents, encouraging them toward more conservative use of forest resources, thereby creating a more sustainable existence for the forest.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\nThe team consciously invited varying ideals and perspectives into management practices by interviewing elders and community leaders on their perspectives regarding the forest\u2019s health. Stakeholders included nongovernmental organization leaders, and traditional and religious authorities that led and guided the surrounding communities. Divinity priests were invited as well, representing deities revered by the locals, including \r\n<em>Ogu <\/em>\r\n(the god of iron), \r\n<em>Tchankponon<\/em>\r\n(the god of smallpox), \r\n<em>Otchoumare <\/em>\r\n(the god of the rainbow), and \r\n<em>Nonon<\/em>\r\n(the god of bees). First Settlers and local hunters were also given authority in this work, serving to extend the network of participation deeply into every facet of the residents surrounding and within the Tob\u00e9-Kpobidon forest.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">For Aboriginal people, healing from trauma\u2014whether historical or contemporary\u2014is a cultural and spiritual process and inherently tied to land.<a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/N6p5w5eaFx\">https:\/\/t.co\/N6p5w5eaFx<\/a><\/p>&mdash; YES! Magazine (@yesmagazine) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/yesmagazine\/status\/1308421385820266497?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 22, 2020<\/a><\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\r\n<P><\/p>\r\nThis decentralization of power and integration of diverse belief structures was supported by the foundation, which provided the financial resources and the means for reinforcement of the constituents\u2019 chosen management policies. This included warning signs indicating forest boundaries and guards to manage entry into the area. The foundation also rewarded locals\u2019 involvement with a yearly stipend of 500,000 FCA ($1,000 USD) to further encourage their continued dedication to conservation activities.<p><\/p>\r\n\r\nThis new governance structure yielded phenomenal results. As community access to the forest expanded for medicinal gathering, hunting, beekeeping, and more, the forest\u2019s contribution to the local economy increased to make up more than 25% of the First Settlers\u2019 income. Also, the native flora experienced a \u201cprogressive evolution\u201d alongside a healthy, low rate of human agricultural interference. (Cashew plantations, for example, expanded at only 0.4% annually). This community-focused approach continued to have positive effects on the forest in the years after the study.<p><\/p>\r\n\r\nThe Tob\u00e9-Kpobidon Forest experimental management approach, along with the extensive foundation of evidence validating Indigenous knowledge, serve as a beacon of hope amid the darkness that looms over non-White, non-European demographics that yearn for a role in conservation initiatives. It demonstrates that the present ideological chasms that keep people of color out of conservation can be defeated and that such cultural victories powerfully serve both humans and the natural landscapes in which we reside.<p><\/p>\r\n<HR><EM>Jazmin Murphy, also known as \u201cSunny,\u201d studied Environmental Policy and Management at American Public University. Outside of academia, she works as a writer and science communicator, aiming to welcome more people, especially people of color, into STEM. She is a member of the National Association of Science Writers and American Society of Mammalogists, and uses these resources to create educational STEM content for adult readers through her platform, <a href=https:\/\/blackflowerscience.co\/>Black Flower Science Co<\/a>.<\/em><HR>\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nThis article originally appeared on <A \r\nhref=https:\/\/www.yesmagazine.org\/environment\/2020\/09\/15\/conservation-decolonize-environmentalism\/>YES! \r\nMagazine<\/A>. It is published under a <A \r\nhref=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">Creative \r\nCommons license<\/A>. 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