{"id":29267,"date":"2022-11-01T19:49:11","date_gmt":"2022-11-01T23:49:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.indianz.com\/News\/?p=29267"},"modified":"2022-11-01T19:54:34","modified_gmt":"2022-11-01T23:54:34","slug":"indian-country-braces-for-u-s-supreme-court-hearing-in-icwa-case","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/11\/01\/indian-country-braces-for-u-s-supreme-court-hearing-in-icwa-case\/","title":{"rendered":"Indian Country braces for U.S. Supreme Court hearing in ICWA case"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9\">\r\n<div class=\" content_cards_card content_cards_domain_youtu-be\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"content_cards_image\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"content_cards_image_link\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/1_nKWdq9o6s\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/09\/maxresdefault-116.jpg\" alt=\"&#039;I identify as an American Indian&#039;: Race and the U.S. Supreme Court\">\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"content_cards_title\">\n\t\t<a class=\"content_cards_title_link\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/1_nKWdq9o6s\">\n\t\t\t&#8216;I identify as an American Indian&#8217;: Race and the U.S. Supreme Court\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"content_cards_description\">\n\t\t<a class=\"content_cards_description_link\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/1_nKWdq9o6s\">\n\t\t\t<p>The U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments in a pair of closely watched affirmative action cases on October 31, 2022, with one justice attempting to bring Americ&#8230;<\/p>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"content_cards_site_name\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/s\/desktop\/bfff41d2\/img\/favicon.ico\" alt=\"YouTube\" class=\"content_cards_favicon\"\/>\t\tYouTube\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Indianz.Com Video: <a href=https:\/\/youtu.be\/1_nKWdq9o6s> &#8216;I identify as an American Indian&#8217;: Race and the U.S. Supreme Court<\/a>\r\n<\/figcaption>\r\n<div class=\"h3-responsive font-weight-bold\">Indian Country braces for U.S. Supreme Court hearing in ICWA case <\/div>\r\n<div class=\"date\">Tuesday, November 1, 2022<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"byline\">By Acee Agoyo<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"source\">Indianz.Com<\/div>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nWASHINGTON, D.C. &#8212; The nation\u2019s highest court is about to hear one of the biggest cases in Indian Country\u2019s history and already some troubling signs are emerging.\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nDuring oral arguments for a pair of closely-watched affirmative action cases on Monday, one member of the <a href=https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/>U.S. Supreme Court<\/a> attempted to bring American Indians into the debate. But the questions posed by <a href=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samuel_Alito>Justice Samuel Alito<\/a> were not about respecting the <a href=https:\/\/www.ncai.org\/policy-issues\/tribal-governance>sovereignty of tribal nations<\/a> or upholding the <a href=https:\/\/www.fcnl.org\/updates\/2016-09\/origins-our-trust-responsibility-towards-tribes>U.S. government\u2019s trust and treaty responsibilities<\/a>.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nInstead, Alito \u2014 who is part of the high court\u2019s conservative supermajority \u2014 appeared to reduce Indian people and their legal status to one of race. That very issue is at the heart of the <a href=https:\/\/www.nicwa.org\/about-icwa\/>Indian Child Welfare Act<\/a> (ICWA) case that will be heard next week.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nIn fact, conservative state government officials, as well as conservative organizations, claim that ICWA is unconstitutional because they say the law is based on race, rather than on the unique status afforded to tribes and their citizens as part of the legal and political relationship between the United States and Indian nations. \r\n<P><\/P>\r\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" allow=\"autoplay\" src=\"https:\/\/w.soundcloud.com\/player\/?url=https%3A\/\/api.soundcloud.com\/tracks\/1373913868&#038;color=%23ff5500&#038;auto_play=false&#038;hide_related=false&#038;show_comments=true&#038;show_user=true&#038;show_reposts=false&#038;show_teaser=true\"><\/iframe>\r\n<figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">\r\nIndianz.Com Audio: <a href=\"https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/indianz\/i-identify-as-an-american-indian-race-and-the-us-supreme-court\" title=\"&#x27;I identify as an American Indian&#x27;: Race and the U.S. Supreme Court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#x27;I identify as an American Indian&#x27;: Race and the U.S. Supreme Court<\/a>\r\n<\/figcaption>\r\n<P><\/P>\r\n\u201cThis is a real problem, and I&#8217;ve heard it described to me by people who face it,&#8221; Alito said during arguments for <a href=https:\/\/www.scotusblog.com\/case-files\/cases\/students-for-fair-admissions-inc-v-university-of-north-carolina\/><em>Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina<\/em><\/a>, one of the two affirmative cases heard by the court on Monday.\r\n<P><\/P>\r\n&#8220;When can a student honestly claim to fall within one of these groups that is awarded a plus factor?&#8221; <a href=https:\/\/youtu.be\/1_nKWdq9o6s>Alito asked<\/a> in a question that lumps American Indians and Alaska Natives in the same category as other racial or ethnic groups.\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nAlito wanted to know what the University of North Carolina, whose <a href=https:\/\/admissionslawsuit.unc.edu\/>affirmative action policies are being challenged<\/a> as unconstitutional, considers when an applicant identifies as American Indian or as another racial or ethnic group. First, he wondered whether the issue is biological.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n&#8220;So let&#8217;s say the student has one grandparent who falls within that class,&#8221; Alito said. &#8220;Can the student claim to be a member of an underrepresented minority?&#8221;\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n&#8220;Yes, we rely on self-reporting,&#8221; responded <a href=https:\/\/law.duke.edu\/fac\/rpark\/>Ryan   Park<\/a>, the <a href=https:\/\/ncdoj.gov\/attorney-general-josh-stein-announces-transitions-in-solicitor-generals-office\/>Solicitor General for the state of North Carolina<\/a>, who represented the public university during the hearing.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/11\/01\/indian-country-braces-for-u-s-supreme-court-hearing-in-icwa-case\/affirmative-action\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29274\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1342\" data-attachment-id=\"29274\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/11\/01\/indian-country-braces-for-u-s-supreme-court-hearing-in-icwa-case\/affirmative-action\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/01\/SupremeCourt-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1342\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"U.S. Supreme Court\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;U.S. Supreme Court&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;A sign is seen outside of the U.S. Supreme Court as two affirmative action cases &amp;#8212; Students for Fair Admissions ,Inc. v. President &amp;amp; Fellows of Harvard College, and Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. University of North Carolina &amp;#8212; are argued inside the building on October 31, 2022. Photo by &lt;a href=https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/vpickering\/52467736182\/&gt;Victoria Pickering&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/01\/SupremeCourt-1024x537.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/01\/SupremeCourt-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Supreme Court\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-29274\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"figure-caption\"> A sign is seen outside of the U.S. Supreme Court as two affirmative action cases &#8212; Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President &amp; Fellows of Harvard College, and Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. University of North Carolina &#8212; are argued inside the building on October 31, 2022. Photo by <a href=https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/vpickering\/52467736182\/>Victoria Pickering<\/a><\/figcaption>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nAlito then went back another generation for his hypothetical \u2014 a further sign of his attempt to link race to tribal status.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n&#8220;All right. One great-grandparent,&#8221; he said.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n&#8220;If that person believes that that is the accurate expression of their identity, I don&#8217;t think there would be any problem,&#8221; Park replied.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nAlito wanted to keep going back more generations but instead decided to ask about those who claim to be American Indian.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n&#8220;It&#8217;s family lore that we have an ancestor who was an American Indian,&#8221; the <a href=\"https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/indianz\/i-identify-as-an-american-indian-race-and-the-us-supreme-court\">conservative justice observed<\/a>.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n&#8220;I think in that particular circumstance, it would be not accurate for them to say, based on family lore,&#8221; Park began stating, before Alito cut him off.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n&#8220;Well, I identify as an American Indian because I&#8217;ve always been told that some ancestor back in the old days was an American Indian,&#8221; Alito said as he repeated his question, just with more words attached to it.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n&#8220;I think in that circumstance, it would be very unlikely that that person was telling the truth,&#8221; Park said.\r\n<P><\/P>\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/11\/01\/indian-country-braces-for-u-s-supreme-court-hearing-in-icwa-case\/jimthorpesovereigntyrun\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29279\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" data-attachment-id=\"29279\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/11\/01\/indian-country-braces-for-u-s-supreme-court-hearing-in-icwa-case\/jimthorpesovereigntyrun\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/01\/JimThorpeSovereigntyRun-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1920\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Jim Thorpe on the Sovereignty Run\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Jim Thorpe on the Sovereignty Run&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;An item featuring an image of Olympic legend Jim Thorpe is placed on a totem pole created by the House of Tears Carvers from the Lummi Nation during the National Congress of American Indians Sovereignty Run in Los Angeles, California, on October 23, 2022. Photo by Indianz.Com &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/&quot;&gt;(CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/01\/JimThorpeSovereigntyRun-1024x768.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/01\/JimThorpeSovereigntyRun-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Thorpe on the Sovereignty Run\"   class=\"size-full wp-image-29279\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"figure-caption\"> An item featuring an image of Olympic legend Jim Thorpe is placed on a totem pole created by the House of Tears Carvers from the Lummi Nation during the National Congress of American Indians Sovereignty Run in Los Angeles, California, on October 23, 2022. Photo by Indianz.Com <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">(CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)<\/a><\/figcaption>\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nWhat Park was unable to express amid Alito\u2019s frequent interruptions is that colleges and universities universities have adopted policies that recognize the unique status of American Indian and Alaska Native applicants. The University of Michigan, for example, provides a <a href=https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/mdcr\/divisions\/dei\/indian-tuition-waiver>tuition waiver for citizens of federally recognized tribes<\/a>. Fort Lewis College in Colorado <a href=https:\/\/www.fortlewis.edu\/tuition-aid\/scholarships\/native-american-tuition-waiver>does the same<\/a>.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nBut Alito, who was nominated to the bench by Republican former president George W. Bush, has a record of ignoring the nation-to-nation framework that has been at the heart of Indian law and policy since the adoption of the <a href=https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/founding-docs\/constitution-transcript>U.S. Constitution<\/a> more than two centuries ago. The last time the high court <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2013\/06\/25\/supreme-court-rules-against-ch.asp>issued a decision about ICWA<\/a>, the conservative justice focused on racial and biological aspects.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\u201cThis case is about a little girl (Baby Girl) who is classified as an Indian because she is 1.2% (3\/256) Cherokee,\u201d Alito wrote in the opening sentence to the majority opinion in <a href=https:\/\/sct.narf.org\/caseindexes\/adoptivecouplevbabygirl.html><em>Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl<\/em><\/a> from 2013.\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nThe decision forced a father from the <a href=https:\/\/www.cherokee.org\/>Cherokee Nation<\/a> to accept an adoption proceeding to which he never consented. And while tribes and their advocates were relieved that the court, with the 5-4 ruling, did not strike down ICWA as opponents of the law had urged, they are now confronted with that very real possibility with the case that will be heard next Wednesday. \r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9\">\r\n<div class=\" content_cards_card content_cards_domain_youtu-be\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"content_cards_image\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"content_cards_image_link\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/lgdH8RY4C3U\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/09\/maxresdefault-117.jpg\" alt=\"\u2018A spiritual journey\u2019: NCAI President Fawn Sharp - Sovereignty Run 2022\">\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"content_cards_title\">\n\t\t<a class=\"content_cards_title_link\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/lgdH8RY4C3U\">\n\t\t\t\u2018A spiritual journey\u2019: NCAI President Fawn Sharp &#8211; Sovereignty Run 2022\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"content_cards_description\">\n\t\t<a class=\"content_cards_description_link\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/lgdH8RY4C3U\">\n\t\t\t<p>National Congress of American Indians President Fawn Sharp leads the Sovereignty Run through Los Angeles, California, on October 23, 2022.The Sovereignty Run&#8230;<\/p>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"content_cards_site_name\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/s\/desktop\/bfff41d2\/img\/favicon.ico\" alt=\"YouTube\" class=\"content_cards_favicon\"\/>\t\tYouTube\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Indianz.Com Video: <a href=https:\/\/youtu.be\/lgdH8RY4C3U>\u2018A spiritual journey\u2019: NCAI President Fawn Sharp &#8211; Sovereignty Run 2022<\/a>\r\n<\/figcaption>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nIf opponents are able to convince a majority of the Supreme Court that ICWA is about race, the outcome would represent  a significant setback for a law that was written to ensure that tribal nations have a say in what happens to their most precious resource \u2014 their children. \r\n<P><\/P>\r\n\u201cFor those of you that are paying attention to what the United States\r\nSupreme Court has done this last year, our tribal sovereignty is once again\r\nunder direct attack,\u201d <a href=https:\/\/twitter.com\/presfawnsharp>President Fawn Sharp<\/a> of the <a href=https:\/\/www.ncai.org\/>National Congress of American Indians<\/a> said in Los Angeles, California, last week.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nSharp brought NCAI to California\u2019s largest city on October 23 as part of the <a href=https:\/\/www.sovereigntyrun.org\/>2022 Sovereignty Run<\/a>. The <a href=https:\/\/anadisgoi.com\/index.php\/government-stories\/1098-cherokee-nation-to-kick-off-ncai-sovereignty-run>1,785-mile relay began on the Cherokee Nation<\/a>  earlier in the month, with <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/09\/14\/national-congress-of-american-indians-announces-sovereignty-run\/>participants crossing four states<\/a> in order to focus attention on the <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/10\/17\/chuck-hoskin-tribal-sovereignty-at-stake-in-upcoming-election\/>dangers facing tribal rights<\/a>.\r\n<P><\/p>\r\n\u201cIn just a matter of days, on November 9, the United States Supreme Court is\r\ngoing to be hearing a case on the  constitutionality of the Indian Child\r\nWelfare Act,\u201d Fawn said on the campus of the University of Southern California, which hosted the Sovereignty Run.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\u201cSo we knew at the beginning of this year that we are going to have\r\nto do another run to commemorate the 20-year anniversary but to once again\r\nstand strong and unite all of Indian Country and defense of tribal\r\nsovereignty,\u201d said Sharp, who as a young staff attorney for the <a href=https:\/\/www.quinaultindiannation.com\/>Quinault Nation<\/a> organized the <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/show.asp?ID=2002\/08\/14\/sovrun>first Sovereignty Run in 2002<\/a>, when participants traveled 2,800 miles from <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/show.asp?ID=2002\/10\/08\/sovrun>Washington state to the steps of the Supreme Court<\/a>.\r\n<P><\/P>\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/11\/01\/indian-country-braces-for-u-s-supreme-court-hearing-in-icwa-case\/frederickfreddylane\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29285\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" data-attachment-id=\"29285\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/11\/01\/indian-country-braces-for-u-s-supreme-court-hearing-in-icwa-case\/frederickfreddylane\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/01\/FrederickFreddyLane-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1920\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Frederick &amp;#8220;Freddy&amp;#8221; Lane\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Frederick &amp;#8220;Freddy&amp;#8221; Lane&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Frederick &amp;#8220;Freddy&amp;#8221; Lane of the House of Tears Carvers from the Lummi Nation opens the blessing ceremony for the National Congress of American Indians Sovereignty Run in Los Angeles, California, on October 23, 2022. Photo by Indianz.Com &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/&quot;&gt;(CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/01\/FrederickFreddyLane-1024x768.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/01\/FrederickFreddyLane-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Frederick &quot;Freddy&quot; Lane\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-29285\" \/><\/a> <figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Frederick &#8220;Freddy&#8221; Lane of the House of Tears Carvers from the Lummi Nation opens the blessing ceremony for the National Congress of American Indians Sovereignty Run in Los Angeles, California, on October 23, 2022. Photo by Indianz.Com <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">(CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)<\/a><\/figcaption>\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nTribal nations, including Cherokee and Quinault, have taken active stances in the ICWA case, known as <a href=https:\/\/sct.narf.org\/caseindexes\/haaland_v_brackeen.html><em>Haaland v. Brackeen<\/em><\/a>. Almost every tribe in the U.S., along with nearly every  inter-tribal organization, has signed onto briefs urging the Supreme Court to recognize their sovereignty, which includes exercising authority in matters that affect Indian children.\r\n<P><\/p>\r\n\u201cSince the founding of the United States, the federal government has recognized and protected the sovereign status of tribes,\u201d one of the <a href=https:\/\/sct.narf.org\/documents\/haaland_v_brackeen\/amicus_497_tribes.pdf>major Indian Country briefs<\/a> reads. \u201cThis trust responsibility has long extended to Indian children, a responsibility initially recognized in treaties that provide federal services, education, and trust funds for their benefit.\u201d\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nDespite the unified voices, some in Indian Country are already predicting the worst from the highest judicial body in the land. Following oral arguments in the affirmative action cases on Monday, <a href=https:\/\/twitter.com\/CRSTChairman>Chairman Harold Frazier<\/a> of the <a href=https:\/\/www.cheyenneriversiouxtribe.org\/>Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe<\/a> said in an <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/11\/01\/harold-frazier-u-s-supreme-court-continues-genocide-against-sovereign-native-nations\/>opinion published on Indianz.Com<\/a> that the Supreme Court \u201cwill lose further legitimacy by striking down college admissions that take account of the racial animus that so many students and families have suffered\u201d in the nation.\r\n<P><\/P>\r\n&#8220;For Native Americans, the Supreme Court lost legitimacy long ago,&#8221; wrote Frazier, citing a history of decisions, including a recent one made by the conservative supermajority that undermines the health of Native mothers, that have gone against tribal interests.\r\n<P><\/P>\r\n<div class=\" content_cards_card content_cards_domain_indianz-com\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"content_cards_image\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"content_cards_image_link\" href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/11\/01\/harold-frazier-u-s-supreme-court-continues-genocide-against-sovereign-native-nations\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/09\/haroldfrazier-scaled-e1623415129341-1.jpg\" alt=\"Harold Frazier: U.S. Supreme Court continues genocide against sovereign Native nations\">\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"content_cards_title\">\n\t\t<a class=\"content_cards_title_link\" href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/11\/01\/harold-frazier-u-s-supreme-court-continues-genocide-against-sovereign-native-nations\/\">\n\t\t\tHarold Frazier: U.S. Supreme Court continues genocide against sovereign Native nations\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"content_cards_description\">\n\t\t<a class=\"content_cards_description_link\" href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/11\/01\/harold-frazier-u-s-supreme-court-continues-genocide-against-sovereign-native-nations\/\">\n\t\t\t<p>The Supreme Court is an anachronistic body of elderly politicians, who can never be expected to do justice by Native Sovereign Nations.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"content_cards_site_name\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.indianz.com\/favicon.ico\" alt=\"Indianz.Com\" class=\"content_cards_favicon\"\/>\t\tIndianz.Com\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nAs for affirmative action, advocates have already warned that the number of Native Americans, as well as African Americans, on campuses will drop significantly with the elimination of status-conscious admission policies. <a href=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sonia_Sotomayor>Justice Sonia Sotomayor<\/a> raised the issue during the arguments, which lasted more than five hours over the hearings for the two cases.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n&#8220;Virtually all of the states that have banned consideration of race in any respect experienced a dramatic drop in enrollment of unrepresented minority   students, particularly Black students and Native   American students, but particularly Black\r\n students,&#8221; said Sotomayor, who was nominated by Democratic former president Barack Obama.\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nBut with nearly observer of the  high court anticipating the <a href=https:\/\/www.scotusblog.com\/2022\/10\/affirmative-action-appears-in-jeopardy-after-marathon-arguments\/>demise of affirmative action<\/a> following the arguments, Sotomayor and her more liberal leaning colleagues are finding themselves in the minority when it comes to interpreting the law. Of the nine justices, six were nominated by Republican presidents &#8212; including three named by Donald Trump, who served just one term in office, though he continues to dispute his loss almost than two years after the 2020 election.\r\n<P><\/p>\r\nThe conservative supermajority thus represents an ongoing threat when it comes to Indian law cases &#8212; a number of which are decided by votes of 5-4, just like <em>Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl<\/em>, the ICWA case that went against tribal interests nearly a decade ago.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"mt-1 mb-1\"><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8411603009680747\" data-ad-slot=\"6394965691\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/div><p><\/p>\r\nThe presence of <a href=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neil_Gorsuch>Justice Neil Gorsuch<\/a>, whose knowledge of Indian Country  is unprecedented in Supreme Court history, cannot overcome   conservative interpretations of the law either.  He was unable to prevent an <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/06\/29\/u-s-supreme-court-decision-in-oklahoma-v-castro-huerta\/>erosion of tribal sovereignty in <em>Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta<\/em><\/a>, which was decided by a 5-4 vote on June 29, a defeat that remains fresh in the minds of many.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n&#8220;We know our history and we know that when tribal nations achieve great progress, when we start to assert our authority, when we start to reach back into those treaties and say, &#8216;Those are our rights, those are precious rights, and we&#8217;re going to assert those rights,&#8217; we know that there are people in this country &#8212; some of them in positions of great power &#8212; who want to strike back,&#8221; Principal <a href=https:\/\/twitter.com\/chuckhoskin_jr?lang=en>Chief Chuck Hoskin Jr.<\/a> of the Cherokee Nation said at the <a href=https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/TheCherokeeNation\/videos\/469007025285649\/>start of the Sovereignty Run on his tribe&#8217;s reservation<\/a> in Oklahoma on October 3.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nNCAI completed the Sovereignty Run on Monday with the start of its <a href=https:\/\/www.ncai.org\/events\/2022\/10\/30\/79th-annual-convention-marketplace>79th annual convention<\/a>, which is being held  in Sacramento, the capital city of California.  The event runs all week, with a discussion on the <a href=https:\/\/narf.org\/cases\/brackeen-v-bernhardt\/>ICWA case taking center stage<\/a> on Thursday.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nThe Supreme Court is dedicating its entire session next Wednesday to the ICWA case. The hearing has been scheduled to last 1 hour  and 40 minutes, according to the <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/01\/MonthlyArgumentCalNovember2022.pdf>argument calendar<\/a>. Indian law hearings typically run longer than the allotted time.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/11\/01\/indian-country-braces-for-u-s-supreme-court-hearing-in-icwa-case\/sovereigntyrundancers\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29289\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" data-attachment-id=\"29289\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/11\/01\/indian-country-braces-for-u-s-supreme-court-hearing-in-icwa-case\/sovereigntyrundancers\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/01\/SovereigntyRunDancers-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1920\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Dancers at Sovereignty Run\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Dancers at Sovereignty Run&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Dancers take part in the National Congress of American Indians Sovereignty Run in Los Angeles, California, on October 23, 2022. Photo by Indianz.Com &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/&quot;&gt;(CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/01\/SovereigntyRunDancers-1024x768.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/01\/SovereigntyRunDancers-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Dancers at Sovereignty Run\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29289\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"figure-caption\"> Dancers take part in the National Congress of American Indians Sovereignty Run in Los Angeles, California, on October 23, 2022. Photo by Indianz.Com <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">(CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)<\/a><\/figcaption>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nThe challenge to ICWA was filed by non-Indians who want to be able to adopt Indian children without the involvement of tribal governments. The law, which was enacted by Congress in 1978, otherwise recognizes tribal sovereignty in child welfare proceedings in order to address the high rates of removal of Indian children from their communities.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n&#8220;Nothing is more critical to ensuring the safety and welfare of Indian children than preserving the sovereignty of their Tribal Nations,&#8221; the <a href=https:\/\/www.niwrc.org>National Indigenous Women\u2019s Resource Center<\/a> said in a <a href=https:\/\/sct.narf.org\/documents\/haaland_v_brackeen\/amicus_niwrc.pdf>brief that was joined by dozens of supporting organizations<\/a> in Indian Country.\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nThe plaintiffs also include three state governments &#8212; all led by Republican political officials &#8212; that maneuvered the  lawsuit to be heard by a federal judge who was nominated by Donald Trump and, later,  for it to be placed before an appellate court  stacked with conservative-leaning jurists. The case has been so controversial in fact that it was considered twice by the <a href=https:\/\/www.ca5.uscourts.gov\/>5th Circuit Court of Appeals<\/a>.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nThe second hearing  resulted in <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/04\/07\/fifth-circuit-court-of-appeals-brackeen-v-haaland\/>325 pages of rulings  from the 5th Circuit<\/a>, much of it conflicting in nature and almost all but ensuring the Supreme Court would want to resolve the matter.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nThe  presence of Texas, Indiana and Louisiana in the case  further led to the introduction of conservative legal principles into the record. Prior challenges to ICWA had been brought primarily by individuals, whose grievances were not particularly successful in the courts.  \r\n<P><\/p>\r\nOnly the state of Texas, however, sought Supreme Court review of the 5th Circuit ruling. \r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"h4-responsive\">Related Stories<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"related-story\"><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/09\/13\/national-congress-of-american-indians-larry-wright\/\" title=\"National Congress of American Indians returns to tradition with announcement of new executive\">National Congress of American Indians returns to tradition with announcement of new executive<\/a> (September 13, 2022)<\/div><div class=\"related-story\"><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/08\/04\/montana-free-press-film-explores-lost-bird-who-found-her-way-home\/\" title=\"Montana Free Press: Film explores \u2018Lost Bird\u2019 who found her way home\">Montana Free Press: Film explores \u2018Lost Bird\u2019 who found her way 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