{"id":27652,"date":"2022-08-30T17:22:36","date_gmt":"2022-08-30T21:22:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.indianz.com\/News\/?p=27652"},"modified":"2022-08-30T17:22:38","modified_gmt":"2022-08-30T21:22:38","slug":"cronkite-news-indian-boarding-schools-confront-genocidal-legacy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/08\/30\/cronkite-news-indian-boarding-schools-confront-genocidal-legacy\/","title":{"rendered":"Cronkite News: Indian boarding schools confront genocidal legacy"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9\">\r\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent&#038;listType=playlist&#038;list=PLUZ4SOc8isRfX-feBM0WF-OSch4VwjV61\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Indianz.Com Video: <a href=https:\/\/youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLUZ4SOc8isRfX-feBM0WF-OSch4VwjV61>Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative &#8211; May 11, 2022<\/a>\r\n<\/figcaption>\r\n<div class=\"h3-responsive font-weight-bold\">Tribal boarding schools much improved, but legacy of old schools remains<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"date\">Tuesday, August 30, 2022<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"byline\">By Morgan Fischer<\/div>\r\n<DIV class=source>Cronkite News<\/DIV>\r\n<DIV class=source-website><A \r\nhref=\"https:\/\/cronkitenews.azpbs.org\/\">cronkitenews.azpbs.org<\/A><\/DIV>\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nWASHINGTON, D.C. &#8212; Pope Francis apologized. Interior Secretary Deb Haaland called it a &#8220;heartbreaking&#8221; part of U.S. history. Congress is considering legislation to atone for the government&#8217;s actions.<P><\/P>\r\nFew dispute that Indian boarding schools led to more than a century of abuse, systematically seizing Indigenous land, separating children from their families, destroying communities and working to erase tribal languages, religions, cultures and economies. Poor conditions and harsh treatment at the schools are blamed for the deaths of untold numbers of Indigenous children who were supposed to be in the government&#8217;s care.<P><\/P>\r\nWhile the abuses were in the past, the schools are not, entirely. Arizona, home to 47 federal Indian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bia.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/dup\/inline-files\/appendix_a_b_school_listing_profiles_508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">boarding schools<\/a> at one point, still has eight such schools today. <P><\/P>\r\nAdvocates say the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bie.edu\/schools\/directory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">modern schools<\/a> are not perfect. But they are a far cry from the horrors of the past.<P><\/P>\r\n&#8220;They\u2019re not run the way the schools were run in 1925,\u201d said Tsianina Lomawaima, of Mvskoke (Creek) descent and a retired professor of Indigenous studies at Arizona State University.<P><\/P>\r\n<DIV class=map-responsive>\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/d\/embed?mid=1Y69gQttrqb2T_pATZQKSPZPYzFu-Li-e&#038;ehbc=2E312F\"><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n<figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Cronkite News Map: <a href=https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/d\/u\/0\/viewer?mid=1Y69gQttrqb2T_pATZQKSPZPYzFu-Li-e&#038;ll=36.521174414156135%2C-111.84139560000003&#038;z=6>Federal Indian Boarding Schools in Arizona<\/a>\r\n<\/figcaption>\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nToday&#8217;s schools are no longer in the &#8220;historical assimilative model,&#8221; said Stephen Curley, the director of digital archives for the National Native American Boarding School <a href=\"https:\/\/boardingschoolhealing.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Healing Coalition,<\/a> as the previous structure &#8220;doesn\u2019t exist anymore.&#8221;<P><\/P>\r\nFive of the eight boarding schools in Arizona today are run by the Bureau of Indian Education and the other three are tribally controlled. Since BIE and Native nations took &#8220;the helm of operating&#8221; the schools, the curriculum has gotten more culturally competent with more of a focus on revitalization and cultural exchange, Curley said.<P><\/P>\r\nThis was echoed by Haaland in June testimony to the Senate Indian Affairs Committee on the first volume of an Interior Department investigation of the schools. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bia.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/dup\/inline-files\/bsi_investigative_report_may_2022_508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The report<\/a> outlined abuses at the 408 federal Indian boarding schools that operated in 37 states between the early 1800s and the 1960s.<P><\/P>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.doi.gov\/ocl\/boarding-school-initiative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Haaland said<\/a> of the modern schools, &#8220;A lot \u2026 have Native teachers, Native principals, Native superintendents. There is a culturally relevant education for every Native student at every single one of those schools.&#8221;<P><\/P>\r\nThat was not always the case.<P><\/P>\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/08\/30\/cronkite-news-indian-boarding-schools-confront-genocidal-legacy\/roadtohealing\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27656\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1708\" data-attachment-id=\"27656\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/08\/30\/cronkite-news-indian-boarding-schools-confront-genocidal-legacy\/roadtohealing\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/30\/RoadToHealing-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1708\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;4.5&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;ILCE-7RM3&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1657381217&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;200&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;2500&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.00625&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"The Road to Healing\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;The Road to Healing&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;The Department of the Interior hosted the first session of The Road to Healing, a year-long tour to address the impacts of Indian boarding schools, in Anadarko, Oklahoma, on July 9, 2022. Photo: &lt;a href=https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/usinterior\/52231330824\/&gt; Tami A. Heilemann \/ U.S. Department of the Interior&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/30\/RoadToHealing-1024x683.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/30\/RoadToHealing-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"The Road to Healing\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-27656\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"figure-caption\"> The Department of the Interior hosted the first session of The Road to Healing, a year-long tour to address the impacts of Indian boarding schools, in Anadarko, Oklahoma, on July 9, 2022. Photo: <a href=https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/usinterior\/52231330824\/> Tami A. Heilemann \/ U.S. Department of the Interior<\/a><\/figcaption>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nHaaland, the first Native American to hold a Cabinet position, ordered the review of the schools, and has embarked on a cross-country listening tour to hear from boarding school survivors. Interior officials said this summer that her tour will stop in Arizona before the end of this year, but they could not say when.<P><\/P>\r\nExperts say the previous structure of boarding schools still affects Native communities. Students who attended the schools, and the families they were separated from, often experienced intense trauma, emotional and physical. This type of intense trauma does not just go away, said David Simmons, the director of government affairs at the National Indian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicwa.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Child Welfare<\/a> Association.<P><\/P>\r\n&#8220;One generation, after another generation, after another generation, over 100 years of families experiencing this,&#8221; Simmons said. &#8220;And today, of course, what we see are people who have been separated from their communities and have relatives who are living on tribal lands, but they themselves have never been there because they were removed and their families, their grandparents were removed.&#8221;<P><\/P><div class=\"mt-1 mb-1\"><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8411603009680747\" data-ad-slot=\"6394965691\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/div><p><\/p>\r\nNo matter the impact, however, the common factor &#8220;of separating families from children, was wrong,&#8221; Lomawaima said. Simmons said that 30% to 40% of the children who attended the schools never returned home because they died as a result of &#8220;disease or harsh working conditions or different kinds of abuse.&#8221;<P><\/P>\r\nThe Interior investigation identified marked or unmarked burial sites at approximately 53 different schools across the country, a number department investigators expect will increase.<P><\/P>\r\nDespite the damage, native communities were resilient and survived. Lomawaima said there &#8220;was no one story, there was no one impact&#8221; on Indigenous children who attended the schools.<P><\/P>\r\n&#8220;It ranged from people who, because of their strength and resilience, and their own resources thrived at the schools at certain points in time and places to people who were effectively destroyed by them,&#8221; she said.<P><\/P>\r\nLomawaima said there &#8220;is no question that they did damage, but they did not entirely succeed in that goal,&#8221; of destroying Native life.<P><\/P>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/07\/08\/cronkite-news-indian-boarding-school-era-under-investigation\/boardingschoolarizona\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13764\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"810\" data-attachment-id=\"13764\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/07\/08\/cronkite-news-indian-boarding-school-era-under-investigation\/boardingschoolarizona\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/08\/boardingschoolarizona.jpeg\" data-orig-size=\"1024,810\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Children at Havasupai Indian School in Cataract Canyon, Arizona, in 1901. (Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress)&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Havasupai Indian School\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Children at Havasupai Indian School in Cataract Canyon, Arizona, in 1901. (Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/08\/boardingschoolarizona.jpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/08\/boardingschoolarizona.jpeg\" alt=\"Havasupai Indian School\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-13764\" \/><\/a> <figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Children at Havasupai Indian School in Cataract Canyon, Arizona, in 1901.  Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress <\/figcaption>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nCurley pointed to the Navajo Nation as an example of resilience. The Navajo reservation had the majority of federal Indian boarding schools in Arizona, a &#8220;strategic&#8221; decision by federal authorities who saw in the tribe&#8217;s large population a need for &#8220;a lot of institutions to assimilate them.&#8221; Despite that, he said, the Navajo Nation and its nearly 400,000 members is still vibrant today.<P><\/P>\r\nArizona, with 47 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bia.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/dup\/inline-files\/appendix_a_b_school_listing_profiles_508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tribal schools<\/a> in the past, was second only to Oklahoma, which had 76, according to the Interior Department report.<P><\/P>\r\nAlong with the listening tour and the first volume of the report, advocates hope the government continues to address the legacy of the boarding schools and works to deal with what Simmons called &#8220;this historic trauma that many families are living with on a daily basis that has not been addressed properly,&#8221;<P><\/P>\r\nThe House and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/117\/bills\/s2907\/BILLS-117s2907is.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate<\/a> are both considering bills to establish a Truth and Healing Commission that would investigate the impacts and ongoing effects of the Indian boarding schools and develop recommendations for federal government action.<P><\/P>\r\n&#8220;It&#8217;s righting a wrong and making sure that it never happens again,&#8221; said Rep. Tom O\u2019Halleran, D-Sedona, a co-sponsor of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/117\/bills\/hr5444\/BILLS-117hr5444ih.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">House bill,<\/a> which passed out of committee in June. &#8220;This is our responsibility, I\u2019m pleased to see the movement forward.&#8221;<P><\/P>\r\n<div class=\" content_cards_card content_cards_domain_indianz-com\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"content_cards_image\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"content_cards_image_link\" href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/05\/11\/volume-1-federal-indian-boarding-school-initiative-investigative-report\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/04\/1-1.png\" alt=\"Volume 1: Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative Investigative Report\">\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"content_cards_title\">\n\t\t<a class=\"content_cards_title_link\" href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/05\/11\/volume-1-federal-indian-boarding-school-initiative-investigative-report\/\">\n\t\t\tVolume 1: Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative Investigative Report\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"content_cards_description\">\n\t\t<a class=\"content_cards_description_link\" href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/05\/11\/volume-1-federal-indian-boarding-school-initiative-investigative-report\/\">\n\t\t\t<p>Find the 102-page Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative Investigative Report here.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"content_cards_site_name\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.indianz.com\/favicon.ico\" alt=\"Indianz.Com\" class=\"content_cards_favicon\"\/>\t\tIndianz.Com\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nDespite the reforms, Native enrollment in schools has shifted away from boarding schools and toward public schools, where around 95% of Native children are enrolled today, Lomawaima said. Even there, she said, Native students face many challenges, one being that many public schools do not have or require any type of education for Native students to learn about Native language or life.<P><\/P>\r\n&#8220;Many, many, many public schools don&#8217;t have any of those (Native cultural) programs in place,&#8221; Lomawaima said. &#8220;There&#8217;s no one single answer, there\u2019s no one simple answer&#8221; on how to best educate Native children.<P><\/P>\r\n<STRONG>For more stories from Cronkite News, visit <A href=\"https:\/\/cronkitenews.azpbs.org\/?utm_source=referral&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=client\">cronkitenews.azpbs.org<\/A>.<\/STRONG>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<HR><EM>Note: This story originally <a href=\"https:\/\/cronkitenews.azpbs.org\/2022\/08\/15\/tribal-boarding-schools-much-improved-but-legacy-of-old-schools-remains\/\">appeared on Cronkite News<\/a>.  It  is published via a <A href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">Creative  Commons license<\/A>. Cronkite News is produced by the <A href=\"https:\/\/cronkite.asu.edu\/\">Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication<\/A> at <A href=\"https:\/\/www.asu.edu\">Arizona State University<\/A>.<\/EM><HR>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"h4-responsive\">Related Stories<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"related-story\"><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/07\/25\/doug-george-kanentiio-residential-school-survivors-maintain-our-ancestral-lands\/\" title=\"Doug George-Kanentiio: Residential school survivors maintain our ancestral lands\">Doug George-Kanentiio: Residential school survivors maintain our ancestral lands<\/a> (July 25, 2022)<\/div><div class=\"related-story\"><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2022\/07\/11\/albert-bender-report-examines-genocide-at-indian-boarding-schools\/\" title=\"Albert Bender: Report examines genocide at Indian boarding schools\">Albert Bender: Report examines genocide at Indian boarding schools<\/a> (July 11, 2022)<\/div><div 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addresses National Congress of American Indians\">Secretary Haaland addresses National Congress of American Indians<\/a> (June 22, 2021)","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Few dispute that Indian boarding schools led to more than a century of abuse, systematically seizing Indigenous land, separating children from their families, destroying communities and working to erase tribal languages, religions, cultures and economies.","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27656,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,20,13,1,14],"tags":[869,42,117,52,418,46,614,88,118,176,2905,48,175,1729,24,613,2146,278,2906,213,91,3321,247,3320,102],"class_list":["post-27652","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","category-indian-trust","category-law","category-national","category-politics","tag-117th","tag-arizona","tag-bia","tag-bie","tag-boarding-schools","tag-cronkite-news","tag-david-simmons","tag-deb-haaland","tag-doi","tag-genocide","tag-h-r-5444","tag-house","tag-languages","tag-nabs","tag-navajo","tag-nicwa","tag-pope-francis","tag-religion","tag-s-2907","tag-scia","tag-senate","tag-stephen-curley","tag-tom-ohalleran","tag-tsianina-lomawaima","tag-youth","no-wpautop"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/30\/RoadToHealing-scaled.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pcoJ7g-7c0","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27652","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27652"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27652\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27656"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27652"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27652"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27652"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}