{"id":13432,"date":"2021-06-25T11:15:23","date_gmt":"2021-06-25T15:15:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.indianz.com\/News\/?p=13432"},"modified":"2021-06-25T15:48:12","modified_gmt":"2021-06-25T19:48:12","slug":"nations-highest-court-sides-with-alaska-native-corporations-in-covid-19-dispute","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/06\/25\/nations-highest-court-sides-with-alaska-native-corporations-in-covid-19-dispute\/","title":{"rendered":"Nation&#8217;s highest court sides with Alaska Native corporations in COVID-19 dispute"},"content":{"rendered":" <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/06\/25\/nations-highest-court-sides-with-alaska-native-corporations-in-covid-19-dispute\/ykhccovid19\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13439\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1676\" height=\"1257\" data-attachment-id=\"13439\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/06\/25\/nations-highest-court-sides-with-alaska-native-corporations-in-covid-19-dispute\/ykhccovid19\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/ykhccovid19.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1676,1257\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;The Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation has been providing COVID-19 vaccines to Native youth in the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta of Alaska. Photo: &lt;a href=https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ykhealth\/photos\/3926380547417473&gt;Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/ykhccovid19-1024x768.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/ykhccovid19.jpg\" alt=\"Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation\"   class=\"size-full wp-image-13439\" \/><\/a> <figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">The Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation has been providing COVID-19 vaccines to Native youth in the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta of Alaska. Photo: <a href=https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ykhealth\/photos\/3926380547417473>Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation<\/a><\/figcaption>\r\n<div class=\"h3-responsive font-weight-bold\">Nation&#8217;s highest court sides with Alaska Native corporations in COVID-19 dispute<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"date\">Friday, June 25, 2021<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"byline\">By Acee Agoyo<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"source\">Indianz.Com<\/div>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<EM>This post will be updated throughout the day.<\/em>\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nWASHINGTON, D.C. &#8212; <a href=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alaska_Native_corporation>Alaska Native corporations<\/a> will finally be able to receive <a href=\/covid19\/>COVID-19<\/a> funds after the nation&#8217;s highest court ruled in their favor in one of the most heated Indian law and policy disputes in decades.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nBy a vote of 6 to 3 on Friday, the  <a href=https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/>U.S. Supreme Court<\/a> confirmed that the  Native corporations, or ANCs,  are \u201cIndian tribes\u201d as defined by the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_Self-Determination_and_Education_Assistance_Act_of_1975\">Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act<\/a> (ISDA).  As such, they are entitled to funds from the <a href=\"https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/policy-issues\/cares\">Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act<\/a>, also known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indianz.com\/Video\/2020\/03\/30\/cares-act-coronavirus-relief-f.asp\">CARES Act<\/a>, Justice Sonia Sotomayor wrote for the majority.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\u201cThe court today affirms what the federal government has maintained for almost half a century: ANCs are Indian tribes under ISDA,\u201d Sotomayor wrote at the conclusion of the <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/20-543-opinion.pdf>28-page ruling<\/a> in <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/06\/25\/u-s-supreme-court-decision-yellen-v-confederated-tribes-of-chehalis-reservation\/><EM>Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of Chehalis Reservation<\/em><\/a>.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\u201cFor that reason, they are Indian tribes under the CARES Act and eligible for Title V funding,\u201d she continued, referencing the section of the COVID-19 law at issue in the bitter dispute that <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/04\/28\/judge-sides-with-tribal-governments-in-f.asp\">began during the Republican Donald Trump administration<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/01\/25\/dispute-over-covid-19-relief-for-tribal-nations-spills-into-biden-administration\/\">continued into Democratic Joe Biden era<\/a>.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-conversation=\"none\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Find the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of Chehalis Reservation here. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/SupremeCourt?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#SupremeCourt<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/CARESAct?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CARESAct<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/CoronavirusReliefFund?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CoronavirusReliefFund<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/COVID19?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#COVID19<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Coronavirus?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Coronavirus<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/SelfDetermination?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#SelfDetermination<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Sovereignty?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Sovereignty<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/LaIhtt54W2\">https:\/\/t.co\/LaIhtt54W2<\/a><\/p>&mdash; indianz.com (@indianz) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/indianz\/status\/1408434584094654473?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 25, 2021<\/a><\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nThe  decision represents a huge victory for the ANCs, which were created by Congress in 1971 as part of a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act\">land claim settlement affecting Alaska Natives<\/a>. Although the corporate entities repeatedly acknowledged that that they are  not sovereign tribes, they relied on the long-standing   definition  in the self-determination law  to bolster their case for the CARES Act funds.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/ancsaregional.com\">ANCSA Regional Association<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/anvca.biz\">Alaska Native Village Corporation Association<\/a>  applaud the Supreme Court\u2019s decision to ensure the federal government honors its promises to Alaska Natives and the communities we represent,\u201d the  two organizations told Indianz.Com after the ruling on Friday.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n \u201cIn doing so, the Court affirmed \u2018what the federal government has maintained for almost half a century: ANCs are Indian tribes under ISDA,\u2019\u201d the ARA and the ANVCA said, quoting directly from the <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/20-543-opinion.pdf>majority opinion<\/a>.\r\n <p><\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/20210512193240923_20-543-20-544Letter.pdf\" class=\"pdfemb-viewer\" style=\"\" data-width=\"max\" data-height=\"max\" data-toolbar=\"both\" data-toolbar-fixed=\"on\">20210512193240923_20-543 20-544Letter<\/a>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nThe ANCs are now in line for about $450 million in COVID-19 funding, <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/20210512193240923_20-543-20-544Letter.pdf\">according to the Biden administration<\/a>. That is the amount left in what is known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/05\/07\/coronavirus-relief-funds-finally-going-o.asp\">Coronavirus Relief Fund<\/a>, which was established by Congress over a year ago, just as  the <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/04\/30\/we-need-to-do-more-for-our-tribes-8-bill.asp\">pandemic was taking a hold across the nation<\/a>, and particularly in Indian Country, where <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/02\/02\/indian-country-still-bearing-brunt-of-covid-19\/\">American Indians and Alaska Natives have suffered disproportionately<\/a>. \r\n<p><\/p>\r\n \u201cThrough the creation of Alaska Native regional and village corporations, Congress established a novel approach to federal Indian policy and for nearly 50 years, these unique corporations have served the health, educational, welfare and cultural needs of more than 140,000 Alaska Native shareholders,\u201d the <a href=https:\/\/www.indianz.com\/covid19\/2021\/06\/25\/ancsa-regional-association-ara-and-alaska-native-village-corporation-association-anvca-2\/>ARA and the ANVCA said<\/a> on Friday.\r\n <p><\/p>\r\n\u201cWe are pleased to see the Court affirm Alaska Native corporations\u2019 eligibility for CARES Act funds to help our people and communities recover from the devastating effects of COVID-19,\u201d the organizations continued. \u201cAlaska\u2019s economy is only now starting to recover, and these funds are needed to help our communities get back on their feet.\u201d\r\n<P><\/p>\r\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Full statement from ANCSA Regional Association <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ANCSAregional?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ANCSAregional<\/a> and Alaska Native Village Corporation Association <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/INFOANVCA1?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@INFOANVCA1<\/a> in response to US Supreme Court decision in Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of Chehalis Reservation. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/CARESAct?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CARESAct<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/COVID19?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#COVID19<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Coronavirus?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Coronavirus<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/lOhSIsKrvx\">https:\/\/t.co\/lOhSIsKrvx<\/a><\/p>&mdash; indianz.com (@indianz) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/indianz\/status\/1408459118378106887?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 25, 2021<\/a><\/blockquote><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nThe decision also marks a big win  for Alaska&#8217;s powerful, all-Republican delegation to the U.S. Congress whose three members sided with the ANCs while the debate raged during the final year of the Trump era. The \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/11\/05\/state-of-alaska-sides-with-native-corporations-in-covid-19-dispute\/\">GOP governor of Alaska<\/a>, as well as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nativefederation.org\">Alaska Federation of Natives<\/a>, the largest such organization in the 49th state, also weighed in.\r\n<p><\/p> \r\n\u201cARA and ANVCA would like to extend their deepest thanks to Alaska\u2019s congressional delegation, the state of Alaska, and the Alaska Federation of Natives for their unwavering support of Alaska Native people throughout this litigation,\u201d the two organizations noted.\r\n<P><\/P>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.murkowski.senate.gov\">Sen. Lisa Murkowski<\/a> (R-Alaska), in particular,\r\nhas continued to  press the Biden administration to understand and respect  the role of ANCs in providing critical  services and programs to   Native people in Alaska. Though her Republican party is in the minority  in the 117th Congress, she maintains  a prominent position in her new role as vice chair of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indian.senate.gov\">Senate Committee on Indian Affairs<\/a>.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Great meeting with Senator Murkowski and team yesterday! Thank you for all your hard work! <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/x5C1MnSw8P\">pic.twitter.com\/x5C1MnSw8P<\/a><\/p>&mdash; Alaska Native Village Corporation Association (@INFOANVCA1) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/INFOANVCA1\/status\/1405155005271842816?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 16, 2021<\/a><\/blockquote><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\r\n<P><\/p>\r\nEarlier this month,   Murkowski brought up the CARES Act dispute that was pending before the Supreme Court. She  told  <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/06\/09\/assistant-secretary-nominee-bryan-newland-vows-to-build-back-better-after-pandemic\/\">Bryan Newland<\/a>, a citizen of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.baymills.org\">Bay Mills Indian Community<\/a> who is awaiting  <a href=https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/>U.S. Senate<\/a> confirmation to<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/20210512193240923_20-543-20-544Letter.pdf\">ket serve as Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs at the <a href=https:\/\/www.doi.gov\/>Department of the Interior<\/a>, that he needed to \u201ceducate\u201d himself on the unique legal situation in Alaska.\r\n<P><\/P>\r\n\u201cI just need to know that you are aware of how important it is that ANCs are included in the ISDA definition of  Indian tribe, which is referenced in  hundreds of other statutes,\u201d\r\nMurkowski told Newland, who previously serve as president of his tribe, during his <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/06\/09\/nomination-hearing-to-consider-bryan-newland-to-serve-as-assistant-secretary-for-indian-affairs\/\">nomination hearing on June 9<\/a>.\r\n<P><\/P>\r\n\u201cI&#8217;m also needing to  reinforce and make sure that you are aware of how important it is that ANCs serve as the recognized governing body of an Indian tribe under ISDA,\u201d Murkowski added.\r\n<P><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"mt-1 mb-1\"><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8411603009680747\" data-ad-slot=\"6394965691\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/div>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nMurkowski&#8217;s reading of   ANCs and their inclusion in the self-determination law  was in fact  embraced  by the Supreme Court. The CARES Act is just one of many federal statutes that reference the definition in ISDA, which first became law in 1975, only four years after <a href=\"https:\/\/ancsaregional.com\/about-ancsa\/\">Congress passed the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act<\/a>.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nIn the majority opinion, Justice Sotomayor  noted that  that \u201cbecause ANCs are Indian tribes within the meaning of the CARES Act, an ANC\u2019s board of directors is a \u2018recognized governing body\u2019 eligible to receive funding under Title V of the Act.\u201d\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nBut while Alaska&#8217;s interests prevailed on the legal front in the case, they have since fared less well in the political realm. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indianz.com\/covid19\/2021\/05\/10\/american-rescue-plan-act-tribal-allocation-methdology\/\">American Rescue Plan Act<\/a>, which President Biden signed into law on March 11 to help the nation recover from the devastating impacts of COVID-19, does not reference ISDA in connection with a $20 billion fund for tribes.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nInstead, the new law, which was shepherded through Congress by the   Democratic majority, makes clear that  tribal governments &#8212; and only tribal governments  &#8212; can receive shares of what is known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/policy-issues\/coronavirus\/assistance-for-state-local-and-tribal-governments\/state-and-local-fiscal-recovery-fund\/tribal-governments\">Fiscal Recovery Fund<\/a>. \r\nThe American Rescue Plan Act is tied to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/STATUTE-108\/pdf\/STATUTE-108-Pg4791.pdf\">Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act<\/a> of 1994, which applies only to federally-recognized Indian nations. \r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9\">\r\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/iTkZeugk5-A?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Harvard Ash Center: <a href=https:\/\/youtu.be\/iTkZeugk5-A>Navigating the American Rescue Plan Act: A Series for Tribal Nations, Session 3<\/a>\r\n<\/figcaption>\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nAs of Thursday, the <a href=\"https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\">Department of the Treasury<\/a> had distributed $12 billion  from the Fiscal Recovery Fund to tribal nations, a senior official said during the mid-year conference of the <a href=https:\/\/wwww.ncai.org\/>National Congress of American Indians<\/a>. The first round of payments  was based on the citizenship numbers for each tribe.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nA second   round of payments, based on the number of employees for each Indian nation,   is  expected to go out  shortly, the official said.  The funds are going to all <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bia.gov\/about-us\">574 federally recognized tribes<\/a>, including the 220-plus based in Alaska, six of which had been a part of the litigation in hopes of preventing ANCs from receiving CARES Act shares.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nAs for the CARES Act, Congress   set aside $8 billion for \u201cIndian tribes,\u201d which the Supreme Court has now confirmed includes ANCs. The vast majority of the Coronavirus Relief Fund went to the 574 recognized  tribes under a <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/05\/06\/a-slap-in-the-face-for-indian-country-tr.asp\">formula developed during the Trump administration<\/a>. \r\n<p><\/p>\r\nThe remaining funds, about $534 million, were being held back by Treasury until the resolution of the Supreme Court case. But in the meantime, a different <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indianz.com\/covid19\/tag\/shawnee\/\">CARES Act legal controversy<\/a>  prompted  the Biden administration to revisit and readjust the Trump-era methodology, this time to distribute more funds to certain tribes.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nThe <a href=https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/>Department of Justice<\/a> on May 12 informed the  Supreme Court   that fewer funds are available for the ANCs as a result of the new development. The <a href=\"http:\/\/<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/20210512193240923_20-543-20-544Letter.pdf\">letter arrived about a month<\/a> after oral augments in <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/04\/20\/yellen-v-confederated-tribes-of-the-chehalis-reservation-2\/\"><em>Yellen<\/em> on April 19<\/a>.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\u201cANCs would receive approximately $450 million under the revised methodology,\u201d the acting <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/osg\">Solicitor General of the United States<\/a> told the justices.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">&quot;This case was never about the funds. Instead, it was about upholding tribal sovereignty and the status of federally-recognized tribes,&quot; Navajo Nation President Jonathan Nez said of US Supreme Court ruling. @NNPrezNez <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/CARESAct?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CARESAct<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/COVID19?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#COVID19<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Coronavirus?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Coronavirus<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/Y4yFhJOW7A\">https:\/\/t.co\/Y4yFhJOW7A<\/a><\/p>&mdash; indianz.com (@indianz) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/indianz\/status\/1408489714831745025?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 25, 2021<\/a><\/blockquote><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nStill, the dispute was never about money, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/NNPrezNez\">President Jonathan Nez<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.navajo-nsn.gov\">Navajo Nation<\/a>. His tribe, which at one point had the highest per capita rate of COVID-19 cases in the U.S., was one of the plaintiffs in the CARES Act case.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\u201cWe have a strong coalition of tribes that are disappointed in the Supreme Court\u2019s ruling,\u201d Nez said in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indianz.com\/covid19\/2021\/06\/25\/navajo-nation-arizona-new-mexico-utah-566\/\">news release on Friday<\/a>. \u201cThis case was never about the funds. Instead, it was about upholding tribal sovereignty and the status of federally-recognized tribes. Many tribal nations have had to fight hard over the course of many years to gain federal recognition to be eligible for programs and services that ultimately benefit our people across Indian Country.\u201d\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\u201cThe ruling undermines federally-recognized tribes and will have consequences far beyond the allocation of CARES Act dollars, but we as federally-recognized tribes will continue to stand strong and advocate for our tribal nations,\u201d  Nez continued. \u201cI recommend that Congress clarify that Alaska Native Corporations are not federally recognized tribes under the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act to avoid this issue in the future.\u201d\r\n<P><\/p>\r\nNavajo leaders also pointed out that ANCs aren&#8217;t entitled to share in the $20 billion from the  American Rescue Plan Act.  \r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\u201cWe have to continue fighting for our people on all fronts and we should not let today\u2019s ruling discourage us from responding to the COVID-19 pandemic,\u201d said Vice President Myron Lizer. \u201cWhile the ruling precludes the Nation from receiving additional funds under the CARES Act, we have to remain focused on the opportunities the American Rescue Plan Act presents to help our communities and our people recover from the pandemic and prepare us for any possible future pandemics. We have to focus on planning for the long-term for our future generations.\u201d \r\n<P><\/P>\r\n<div class=\"embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9\">\r\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Re3WpXniYY8?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Indianz.Com Video: <a href=https:\/\/youtu.be\/Re3WpXniYY8>U.S. Supreme Court &#8211; Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation &#8211; April 19, 2021<\/a>\r\n<\/figcaption>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nThe majority opinion in  <a href=https:\/\/sct.narf.org\/caseindexes\/mnuchin_v_chehalis.html><EM>Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of Chehalis Reservation<\/em><\/a> was joined by a broad coalition on the Supreme Court.\r\nJoining  Justice Sotomayor, who was nominated to the bench by former Democratic president Barack Obama,  in the majority opinion were Chief Justice John  G. Roberts Jr., a Republican pick; Justice Stephen G. Breyer, a Democratic choice; and two  Trump-era figures: Justice Brett Kavanaugh and Justice Amy Coney Barrett, the newest member.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nJustice Samuel Alito, who was nominated by Republican former president George W. Bush, also joined most parts of the court&#8217;s opinion, bringing the vote in favor of the ANCs to six.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nOn the other side were three members. Justice Neil Gorsuch, whose record and understanding of Indian law is unprecedented in Supreme Court history, <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/20-543-gorsuch.pdf>authored a dissent<\/a> that accused the majority of ignoring the intent of the CARES Act, which references tribal governments alongside their state and local counterparts.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"h5-responsive sub\">Dissent (Gorsuch): Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of Chehalis Reservation [<a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/20-543-gorsuch.pdf>PDF<\/a>]<\/div>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/20-543-gorsuch.pdf\" class=\"pdfemb-viewer\" style=\"\" data-width=\"max\" data-height=\"max\" data-toolbar=\"both\" data-toolbar-fixed=\"on\">20-543-gorsuch<\/a>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n \u201cIn the provision at issue before us, Congress appropriated money \u2018for making payments to States, Tribal governments, and units of local government,\u2019\u201d Gorsuch wrote, quoting from the CARES Act. \u201cIncluding tribal governments side-by-side with states and local governments reinforces the conclusion that Congress was speaking of government entities capable of having a government-to-government relationship with the United States.\u201d\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\u201cANCs, like most corporations, have a board of directors,  and a corporate board may well be the governing body of an enterprise,\u201d Gorsuch added in the 15-page dissent. \u201cBut they do not govern any people or direct any government.\u201d\r\n<P><\/p>\r\nJoining Gorsuch  in the dissent were Justice Clarence Thomas, a Republican nominee, and Justice Elena Kagan, another Obama pick. Even as they  poked fun at the \u201cimplausibility\u201d  of a  food-based analogy  in the court&#8217;s opinion, they  warned   of opening  the door for the \u201crecognition clause\u201d of the self-determination law to be applied to entities beyond the ANCs.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\u201cIf receiving any federal money really is enough to satisfy the recognition clause, many other Indian groups might now suddenly qualify as tribes under the CARES Act, ISDA, and other federal statutes,\u201d Gorsuch argued. \r\n<p><\/p>\r\n \u201cA 2012 GAO study, for example, identified approximately 400 nonfederally recognized tribes in the lower 48 States, of which 26 had recently received direct funding from federal programs,\u201d he said in reference to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-12-348\">report from the Government Accountability Office<\/a>.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">\u201cWe must continue to all work together with the United States to actively support strong Nation-to-Nation relationships,&quot; President Fawn Sharp of National Congress of American Indians said of Supreme Court ruling in <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/CARESAct?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CARESAct<\/a> case. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/PresFawnSharp?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@PresFawnSharp<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/NCAI1944?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ncai1944<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/CC5FYIph3y\">https:\/\/t.co\/CC5FYIph3y<\/a><\/p>&mdash; indianz.com (@indianz) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/indianz\/status\/1408503869185871879?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 25, 2021<\/a><\/blockquote><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nThe <em>Yellen<\/em> litigation, named for <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/SecYellen\">Secretary of the Treasury Janet Yellen<\/a>, consisted of three separate lawsuits that were filed against  her predecessor in the position,   <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Mnuchin\">Steven Mnuchin<\/a>. The cases were consolidated  in federal court.\r\n <P><\/p>\r\nThe plaintiffs in <em>Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation v. Yellen<\/em> are:<P><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation (Washington)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tulalip Tribes (Washington)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians (Maine)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Akiak Native Community (Alaska)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Asa\u2019carsarmiut Tribe (Alaska)&nbsp;<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Aleut Community of St. Paul Island (Alaska)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Navajo Nation (Arizona, New Mexico, Utah)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Quinault Nation (Washington)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pueblo of Picuris (New Mexico)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Elk Valley Rancheria (California)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>San Carlos Apache Tribe (Arizona)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe plaintiffs in <em>Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe v. Yellen<\/em>  are:<P><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (South Dakota)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Rosebud Sioux Tribe (South Dakota)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Oglala Sioux Tribe (South Dakota)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nondalton Tribal Council (Alaska)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Native Village of Venetie (Alaska)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Arctic Village Council (Alaska)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe third case is <em>Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation v. Yellen <\/em>. The sole plaintiff is:<P><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Ute Indian Tribe (Utah)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nAfter the litigation commenced, a number of Alaska Native corporate interests intervened on the side of the federal government. They included the Alaska Native Village Corporation Association; the Association of ANCSA Regional Corporations Presidents\/CEOs; Ahtna, Inc.; Akiachak, Ltd.; Calista Corporation; Kwethluk, Inc.; Napaskiak, Inc.; Sea Lion Corporation;  and St. Mary\u2019s Native Corporation.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"415\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" allow=\"autoplay\" src=\"https:\/\/w.soundcloud.com\/player\/?url=https%3A\/\/api.soundcloud.com\/playlists\/1277745082&#038;color=%23ff5500&#038;auto_play=false&#038;hide_related=false&#038;show_comments=true&#038;show_user=true&#038;show_reposts=false&#038;show_teaser=true\"><\/iframe><div style=\"font-size: 10px; color: #cccccc;line-break: anywhere;word-break: normal;overflow: hidden;white-space: nowrap;text-overflow: ellipsis; font-family: Interstate,Lucida Grande,Lucida Sans Unicode,Lucida Sans,Garuda,Verdana,Tahoma,sans-serif;font-weight: 100;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/indianz\" title=\"indianz\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: #cccccc; text-decoration: none;\" rel=\"noopener\">indianz<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/indianz\/sets\/tribal-supreme-court-project-update\" title=\"Tribal Supreme Court Project Update\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: #cccccc; text-decoration: none;\" rel=\"noopener\">Tribal Supreme Court Project Update<\/a><\/div>\r\n<figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Indianz.Com Audio: <a href=https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/indianz\/sets\/tribal-supreme-court-project-update>Tribal Supreme Court Project Update &#8211; June 24. 2021<\/a>\r\n<\/figcaption>\r\n<P><\/P>\r\nLast summer, the  federal judge assigned to the case ruled that ANCs could receive COVID-19 funds based on the definition of \u201cIndian tribe\u201d in self-determination law. But he also <a href=https:\/\/www.indianz.com\/covid19\/2020\/07\/07\/cares-act-litigation-chehalis-confederated-tribes-of-the-chehalis-reservation-v-mnuchin\/>imposed an injunction<\/a> that prevented the Trump administration from distributing  the money pending further appeals.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nThe tribal plaintiffs immediately  took the case the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cadc.uscourts.gov\/\">D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals<\/a>  to hear the matter. Last September, a <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/25\/appeals-court-sides-with-tribes-in-covid-19-funding-dispute\/\">three-judge panel ruled in their favor<\/a> but the dispute  wasn&#8217;t over yet.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n The federal government and the ANC interests then   asked the Supreme Court to take the case. Their petitions were granted on January 8, just 12 days before Joe Biden became president of the United States.\r\n<P><\/p>\r\n The ANC petition is titled <a href=https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/search.aspx?filename=\/docket\/docketfiles\/html\/public\/20-544.html><em>Alaska Native Village Corporation Association, \r\nv. Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation<\/em><\/a>. It was heard along with <em>Yellen<\/em> on April 19 and the potential outcome was <a href=https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/indianz\/sets\/tribal-supreme-court-project-update>discussed on the final day of  NCAI&#8217;s mid-year session<\/a> on Thursday.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\u201cThe relationship between tribal nations and the federal government was born out of conflict and it has fallen upon every generation to carry forward our inherent tribal sovereignty to serve our tribal citizens,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/PresFawnSharp\">NCAI  President Fawn Sharp<\/a> said after the ruling. \u201cWe must continue to all work together with the United States to actively support strong Nation-to-Nation relationships.\u201d\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n \u201cNCAI looks forward to continuing our work representing tribal governments and working with Alaska Native Corporations, tribal partners, and other allies to ensure that the United States meets its treaty obligations and its trust responsibilities to moving forward,\u201d said Sharp, who also serves as vice president of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.quinaultindiannation.com\">Quinault Nation<\/a>, one of the tribal plaintiffs.\r\n<p><\/p> \r\n<div class=\"h5-responsive sub\">U.S. Supreme Court Decision: Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of Chehalis Reservation <\/div>\r\n<a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/20-543-syllabus.pdf>Syllabus<\/a> |\r\n<a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/20-543-opinion.pdf>Opinion [Sotomayor]<\/a> | <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/20-543-gorsuch.pdf>Dissent [Gorsuch]<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/20-543_3e04.pdf\">Full Document<\/a> \r\n<P><\/P>\r\n<div class=\"h4-responsive\">Related Stories<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/06\/21\/i-wanted-to-cry-tribes-welcome-ruling-in-long-running-health-care-dispute\/\" title=\"\u2018I wanted to cry\u2019: Tribes welcome ruling in long-running health care dispute\">\u2018I wanted to cry\u2019: Tribes welcome ruling in long-running health care dispute<\/a> (June 21, 2021)<BR><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/04\/20\/yellen-v-confederated-tribes-of-the-chehalis-reservation-2\/\" title=\"VIDEO: Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation\">VIDEO: Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation<\/a> (April 20, 2021)<BR><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/04\/19\/yellen-v-confederated-tribes-of-the-chehalis-reservation\/\" title=\"AUDIO: Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation\">AUDIO: Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation<\/a> (April 19, 2021)<BR><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/04\/19\/indian-country-nearly-locked-out-of-u-s-supreme-court-hearing\/\" title=\"Indian Country nearly locked out of U.S. Supreme Court hearing\">Indian Country nearly locked out of U.S. Supreme Court hearing<\/a> (April 19, 2021)<BR><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/04\/19\/scotusblog-supreme-court-takes-up-covid-19-dispute\/\" title=\"SCOTUSBlog: Supreme Court takes up COVID-19 dispute\">SCOTUSBlog: Supreme Court takes up COVID-19 dispute<\/a> (April 19, 2021)<BR><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/01\/25\/dispute-over-covid-19-relief-for-tribal-nations-spills-into-biden-administration\/\" title=\"Dispute over COVID-19 relief for tribal nations spills into Biden administration\">Dispute over COVID-19 relief for tribal nations spills into Biden administration<\/a> (January 25, 2021)<BR><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/11\/05\/state-of-alaska-sides-with-native-corporations-in-covid-19-dispute\/\" title=\"State of Alaska backs Native corporations in COVID-19 dispute\">State of Alaska backs Native corporations in COVID-19 dispute<\/a> (November 5, 2020)<BR><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/11\/03\/covid-19-funding-dispute-heads-to-trumps-supreme-court\/\" title=\"COVID-19 funding dispute heads to Trump\u2019s Supreme Court\">COVID-19 funding dispute heads to Trump\u2019s Supreme Court<\/a> (November 3, 2020)<BR><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/10\/01\/tribes-and-native-corporations-prepared-for-fight-over-disputed-covid-19-funding\/\" title=\"Tribes and Native corporations still at odds over disputed COVID-19 funding\">Tribes and Native corporations still at odds over disputed COVID-19 funding<\/a> (October 1, 2020)<BR>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/30\/native-sun-news-today-tribal-nations-win-ruling-in-covid-19-funding-dispute\/\" title=\"Native Sun News Today: Tribal nations win ruling in COVID-19 funding dispute\">Native Sun News Today: Tribal nations win ruling in COVID-19 funding dispute<\/a> (September 30, 2020)<BR>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/25\/appeals-court-sides-with-tribes-in-covid-19-funding-dispute\/\" title=\"Appeals court sides with tribes in COVID-19 funding dispute\">Appeals court sides with tribes in COVID-19 funding dispute<\/a> (September 25, 2020)<BR><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/25\/spreadsheet-coronavirus-relief-fund-allocations-for-tribal-governments\/\" title=\"Spreadsheet: Coronavirus Relief Fund allocations for tribal governments\">Spreadsheet: Coronavirus Relief Fund allocations for tribal governments<\/a> (September 25, 2020)<BR><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/24\/coronavirus-relief-fund-allocations-for-tribal-governments\/\" title=\"Coronavirus Relief Fund allocations for tribal governments\">Coronavirus Relief Fund allocations for tribal governments<\/a> (September 24, 2020)<BR><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/21\/cronkite-news-navajo-nation-weighs-spending-plans-for-covid-19-funds\/\" title=\"Cronkite News: Navajo Nation weighs spending plans for COVID-19 funds\">Cronkite News: Navajo Nation weighs spending plans for COVID-19 funds<\/a> (September 21, 2020)<BR><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/18\/lisa-murkowski-war-ncai\/\" title=\"\u2018All out war\u2019: Republican lawmaker slams National Congress of American Indians\">\u2018All out war\u2019: Republican lawmaker slams National Congress of American Indians<\/a> (September 18, 2020)<BR><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/14\/chuck-hoskin\/\" title=\"Chuck Hoskin: Cherokee Nation invests CARES Act money in community\">Chuck Hoskin: Cherokee Nation invests CARES Act money in community<\/a> (September 14, 2020)<BR><a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/11\/appeals-court-hears-arguments-in-covid-19-funding-dispute\/\" title=\"Appeals court hears arguments in COVID-19 funding dispute\">Appeals court hears arguments in COVID-19 funding dispute<\/a> (September 11, 2020)","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Alaska Native corporations will finally be able to receive COVID-19 funds after the nation\u2019s highest court ruled in their favor in one of the most heated Indian law and policy disputes in decades.","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13439,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,19,20,13,1,14],"tags":[869,139,78,79,1308,390,80,215,221,81,117,828,625,74,5,83,88,94,118,75,223,386,48,1052,53,744,28,72,211,138,24,7,429,85,1622,213,193,91,661,220,1331,776,84,89],"class_list":["post-13432","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","category-health","category-indian-trust","category-law","category-national","category-politics","tag-117th","tag-afn","tag-alaska","tag-alaska-native","tag-american-rescue-plan","tag-amy-coney-barrett","tag-ancs","tag-ancsa","tag-anvca","tag-ara","tag-bia","tag-brett-kavanaugh","tag-bryan-newland","tag-cares-act","tag-coronavirus","tag-dc-circuit","tag-deb-haaland","tag-democrats","tag-doi","tag-donald-trump","tag-fawn-sharp","tag-gao","tag-house","tag-janet-yellen","tag-joe-biden","tag-john-roberts","tag-jonathan-nez","tag-judiciary","tag-lisa-murkowski","tag-meetings","tag-navajo","tag-ncai","tag-neil-gorsuch","tag-republicans","tag-samuel-alito","tag-scia","tag-self-determination","tag-senate","tag-sonia-sotomayor","tag-sovereignty","tag-stephen-breyer","tag-steven-mnuchin","tag-supreme-court","tag-treasury","no-wpautop"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/25\/ykhccovid19.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pcoJ7g-3uE","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13432","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13432"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13432\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13439"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13432"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13432"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13432"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}