{"id":12360,"date":"2021-06-03T14:31:34","date_gmt":"2021-06-03T18:31:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.indianz.com\/News\/?p=12360"},"modified":"2021-06-11T10:23:07","modified_gmt":"2021-06-11T14:23:07","slug":"scotusblog-supreme-court-supports-tribal-sovereignty-over-non-indians","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/06\/03\/scotusblog-supreme-court-supports-tribal-sovereignty-over-non-indians\/","title":{"rendered":"SCOTUSBlog: Supreme Court supports tribal sovereignty over non-Indians"},"content":{"rendered":"<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1138\" data-attachment-id=\"12361\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/06\/03\/scotusblog-supreme-court-supports-tribal-sovereignty-over-non-indians\/usvcooleyscotusblog\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/03\/usvcooleyscotusblog-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1138\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"U.S. v Cooley (SCOTUSBlog)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;The U.S. Supreme Court decision in United States v. Cooley was unanimous, with the opinion written by Justice Stephen Breyer. Image: SCOTUSBlog&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/03\/usvcooleyscotusblog-1024x455.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/03\/usvcooleyscotusblog-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"usvcooleyscotusblog\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-12361\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">The U.S. Supreme Court decision in United States v. Cooley was unanimous, with the opinion written by Justice Stephen Breyer. Image: SCOTUSBlog\r\n<\/figcaption>\r\n<div class=\"h3-responsive font-weight-bold\">Court unanimously holds that Indian tribes retain the inherent power to police non-Indians<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"date\">Thursday, June 3, 2021<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"byline\"> By Elizabeth Reese  <a href=https:\/\/twitter.com\/yunpovi><i class=\"fab fa-twitter\"><\/i><\/a> <\/div>\r\n<div class=\"source\">SCOTUSBlog<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"source-links\"><a href=https:\/\/www.scotusblog.com\/>scotusblog.com<\/a><\/div>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nIn its first major opinion on the <a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2021\/06\/01\/supreme-court-backs-tribal-sovereignty-in-law-enforcement-case\/\">scope of American Indian tribes\u2019 sovereign powers in decades<\/a>, the Supreme Court held on Tuesday in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotusblog.com\/case-files\/cases\/united-states-v-cooley\/\"><em>United States v. Cooley<\/em><\/a> that tribal governments \u2014 and thus their police officers \u2014 have the power to search and temporarily detain non-Indians suspected of breaking federal or state laws within reservations. \r\n<P><\/p>\r\nJustice Stephen Breyer wrote the <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/01\/19-1414-breyer.pdf>opinion for the court<\/a>. Justice Samuel Alito filed a <a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/01\/19-1414-breyer.pdf>brief concurrence<\/a> noting that he views the holding as a limited one.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nThe defendant in the case, Joshua James Cooley, was arrested after a tribal police officer noticed him on the side of a federal highway that runs through the Crow Indian Reservation in Montana. The officer found evidence that led to a federal drug and firearms prosecution. Cooley argued that the evidence was illegally obtained because the tribal officer lacked the power to detain and search him.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">The nation\u2019s highest court has unanimously sided with tribal sovereignty in one of two Indian law cases on the docket. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/SupremeCourt?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#SupremeCourt<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/TribalSovereignty?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#TribalSovereignty<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Cooley?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Cooley<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/Q5GpdEowdV\">https:\/\/t.co\/Q5GpdEowdV<\/a><\/p>&mdash; indianz.com (@indianz) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/indianz\/status\/1399772515900219392?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 1, 2021<\/a><\/blockquote><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\r\n<P><\/p>\r\n The defense suggested that the officer should have assessed Cooley\u2019s Indian status and then let him go upon realizing he was a non-Indian unless the officer actively witnessed him committing a crime \u2014 a framework the prosecuting jurisdiction, the United States, argued was unworkable and unsafe for officers and tribal communities.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nThe court has made clear over the years that tribal governments no longer possess certain powers, particularly those that implicate the rights of non-Indians. In <em>Cooley<\/em>, the court was asked to confront where tribal policing powers fit within the various frameworks it developed for determining whether tribal sovereignty still extends to certain powers. <em>Cooley<\/em> also forced the court to confront some of the messier realities created by its precedent, such as whether it is necessary or even possible to assess a suspect\u2019s Indian status during a routine traffic stop.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\nBreyer\u2019s opinion looks to, and likely extends, the reach of the court\u2019s decision in <a href=\"https:\/\/casetext.com\/case\/montana-v-united-states\"><em>Montana v. United States<\/em><\/a>. In <em>Montana<\/em>, the court set out the general rule that tribes no longer retain inherent governmental powers over non-Indian conduct but identified two exceptions to that rule. Breyer explained that the second exception \u201cfits the present case, almost like a glove.\u201d That second exception acknowledges that tribes must also retain power over non-Indian conduct if that conduct \u201cthreatens or has some direct effect on the political integrity, the economic security, or the health or welfare of the tribe.\u201d \r\n<p><\/p><div class=\"mt-1 mb-1\"><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8411603009680747\" data-ad-slot=\"6394965691\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/div><p><\/p>\r\nThe power to temporarily detain and search non-Indians on tribal highways is precisely the kind of authority over non-Indians that tribes must retain in order to protect against a threat to their health and welfare. Without the power to stop and search non-Indians on tribal highways, Breyer wrote, it would be \u201cdifficult for tribes to protect themselves against ongoing threats\u201d such as \u201cnon-Indian drunk drivers, transporters of contraband, or other criminal offenders operating on roads within the boundaries of a tribal reservation.\u201d\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<HR><EM><a href=https:\/\/www.law.uchicago.edu\/people\/elizabeth-reese>Elizabeth A. Reese<\/a> is a Bigelow Teaching Fellow and lecturer in law at the University of Chicago Law School.   Her areas of expertise include American Indian tribal law, federal Indian law, constitutional law, race and the law, and voting rights law. Her research examines how government structures, American history, and identity can explain\u2014or complicate\u2014the rights and powers of \u201cthe people\u201d generally and oppressed racial minorities specifically within American law. She is tribally enrolled at Nambe Pueblo where she an active member of her community.<p><\/p>\r\nReese wrote this <a href=https:\/\/www.scotusblog.com\/2021\/06\/court-unanimously-holds-that-indian-tribes-retain-the-inherent-power-to-police-non-indians\/>article for SCOTUSBlog<\/a>, the Supreme Court of the United States Blog, on June 1 , 2021. It is republished here under a <a href=http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/us\/>Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 US)<\/a>.\r\n<\/em><HR>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<strong>Recommended Citation: Elizabeth Reese, Court unanimously holds that Indian tribes retain the inherent power to police non-Indians, SCOTUSblog (Jun. 1, 2021, 12:15 PM), https:\/\/www.scotusblog.com\/2021\/06\/court-unanimously-holds-that-indian-tribes-retain-the-inherent-power-to-police-non-indians\/<\/strong>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"h5-responsive sub\">U.S. Supreme Court Decision: U.S. v. Cooley<\/div>\r\n<a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/01\/19-1414-syllabus.pdf>\r\nSyllabus<\/a> |\r\n<a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/01\/19-1414-breyer.pdf>Opinion [Breyer]<\/a> |\r\n<a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/01\/19-1414-breyer.pdf>Concurrence [Alito]<\/a> |\r\n<a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/01\/19-1414.pdf>Full Document<\/a>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"h5-responsive sub\">Briefs: United States v. Cooley<\/div>\r\nHere are the briefs on the merits in support of tribal interests in <em>United States v. Cooley<\/em>.\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/04\/20210108153036386_19-1414tsUnitedStates.pdf\">Brief of Petitioner United States<\/a>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/04\/20210115140949495_19-1414-Amicus-Brief-of-NationalIndigenousWomensResourceCenter.pdf\" title=\"20210115140949495_19-1414 Amicus Brief of NationalIndigenousWomensResourceCenter\">Amicus Brief of National Indigenous Women\u2019s Resource Center <\/a>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/04\/20210114150531638_19-1414-Amici-BOM-Tribes.pdf\" title=\"20210114150531638_19-1414 Amici BOM Tribes\">Amicus Brief of the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, et al.<\/a>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/04\/20210114131213622_21.01.14-40493-pdf-Rasmussen-br.pdf\" title=\"20210114131213622_21.01.14 40493 pdf Rasmussen br\"> Amicus Brief of Ute Indian Tribe<\/a>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/04\/20210115124745975_Routel-Cooley-Brief.pdf\" title=\"20210115124745975_Routel Cooley Brief\">Amicus Brief of Indian Law and Policy Professors<\/a>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/04\/20210115140305751_Final-NCAI-Tribal-Governments-Amici-Brief-US-v-Cooley-1-15-21.pdf\" title=\"20210115140305751_Final NCAI-Tribal Governments Amici Brief-US v Cooley 1-15-21\">Amicus Brief of National Congress of American Indians, et al.<\/a>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/04\/20210115130013804_19-1414-tsac-Members-of-Congress.pdf\" title=\"20210115130013804_19-1414 tsac Members of Congress\">Amicus Brief of Current and Former Members of Congress<\/a>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/04\/20210115134044388_19-1414-tsac-Former-U.S.-Attorneys.pdf\" title=\"20210115134044388_19-1414 tsac Former U.S. Attorneys\">Amicus Brief of Former US Attorneys<\/a>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/04\/20210115133631591_19-1414-tsac-The-Cayuga-Nation.pdf\" title=\"20210115133631591_19-1414 tsac The Cayuga Nation\">Amicus Brief of the Cayuga Nation, et al.<\/a>\r\n<P><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"h5-responsive sub\">9th Circuit Court of Appeals Decisions<\/div>\r\n<a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/17-30022.pdf>United States v. Cooley [Panel Decision]<\/a> (March 21, 2019)<BR>\r\n<a href=https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/17-30022b.pdf>United States v. Cooley [Denial of En Banc]<\/a> (January 24, 2020)\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"h5-responsive sub\">Indianz.Com on SoundCloud <\/div>\r\nJam out with the justices! Listen to lawyers! 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Tom Udall: A \u2018clear and present threat\u2019 to health care in Indian Country\">Sen. Tom Udall: A \u2018clear and present threat\u2019 to health care in Indian Country<\/a> (October 5, 2020)<BR>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/10\/02\/native-america-calling-filling-justice-ruth-bader-ginsburgs-seat\/\" title=\"Native America Calling: Filling Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg\u2019s seat\">Native America Calling: Filling Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg\u2019s seat<\/a>\r\n(October 2, 2020)  <BR>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/30\/trump-administration-deals-with-fallout-from-tribal-victory-at-supreme-court\/\" title=\"Trump administration deals with fallout from tribal victory at Supreme Court\">Trump administration deals with fallout from tribal victory at Supreme Court<\/a>(September 30, 2020)<BR>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/28\/republicans-rush-to-confirm-supreme-court-nominee-ahead-of-election\/\" title=\"Republicans rush to confirm Supreme Court nominee ahead of election\">Republicans rush to confirm Supreme Court nominee ahead of election<\/a>\r\n(September 28, 2020)<BR>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/28\/montana-indian-caucus-dont-vote-on-u-s-supreme-court-nominee\/\" title=\"Montana American Indian Caucus: Don\u2019t vote on U.S. Supreme Court nominee\">Montana American Indian Caucus: Don\u2019t vote on U.S. Supreme Court nominee<\/a>\r\n(September 28, 2020) <BR>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/2020\/09\/28\/montana-free-press-affordable-care-act-deemed-essential-for-indian-country\/\" title=\"Montana Free Press: Affordable Care Act deemed essential for Indian Country\">Montana Free Press: Affordable Care Act deemed essential for Indian Country<\/a>   (September 28, 2020)\r\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/03\/supremecourt-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"supremecourt\" class=\"invisible\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\" \/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Tribal governments have the power to search and temporarily detain non-Indians suspected of breaking federal or state laws within reservations, the nation&#8217;s highest court has ruled.","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12365,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,13,1],"tags":[101,354,570,1311,511,47,1622,1310,220,1331,84],"class_list":["post-12360","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-indian-trust","category-law","category-national","tag-crime","tag-crow","tag-drugs","tag-elizabeth-reese","tag-law-enforcement","tag-race","tag-samuel-alito","tag-scotusblog","tag-sovereignty","tag-stephen-breyer","tag-supreme-court","no-wpautop"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/03\/supremecourt-scaled.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pcoJ7g-3dm","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12360","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12360"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12360\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12365"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12360"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12360"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indianz.com\/News\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12360"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}